<p>The Glenrock Buffalo Jump is a 40 ft high bluff in Converse County, Wyoming that was used by Native Americans as a buffalo jump. Bison were driven over the edge of the escarpment and were killed or injured by the fall, allowing the hunters to collect large quantities of meat at little hazard to themselves. Large amounts of buffalo bone and articles left by the hunters remain at the site, which was used from about 400 to 1750.</p><br>
<p>The Glenrock Buffalo Jump was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 16, 1969.</p><br>
<p>Commerce Block is a commercial building in Glenrock, Wyoming, built in 1917 during the Wyoming oil boom of the early 20th century. The nearby Big Muddy oil field brought prosperity to Glenrock, stimulating the growth of the town&#39;s commercial district. The building was built for the Glenrock Investment Company, a consortium of local investors, by Edward R. Reavill. The building housed the Glenrock State Bank until 1934. Other businesses in the building included a bar, a billiard parlor and a drug store. The Empress Theater took a two-story space in the east wing of the block. By the late 1920s the oil boom had ended and the theater passed through several owners, closing intermittently. In 1939 it was renamed the Wyoma Theater and had a prominent marquee.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the block was occupied by a variety of professional offices and Commerce Hall, a community meeting room. A fire in 1978 damaged the building, leaving it almost vacant into the early 21st century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick building is rectangular in plan, measuring about 50 ft by 123 ft, facing Fourth Street. The block follows the slope of the Fourth Street grade. Prominent terra cotta medallions are placed at the center of the two main facades, both with "The Commerce Block" incised. The interior has been altered to various degrees. The former bank retains its mezzanine and woodwork. The drugstore has a pressed metal ceiling in the front portion with original light fixtures. The theater is intact, with seats removed, and its marquee remains. A basement underlies the building with utility spaces. Much of the second floor was gutted following the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Morgan West Wheatland Cemetery is a cemetery located on 55th Avenue between 10 & 11 Mile Roads in Wheatland Township, Mecosta County, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in the early 1860s, African Americans began migrating to Isabella, Mecosta, and Montcalm Counties in Michigan. These settlers, primarily from Ohio, but also from Ontario and other parts of Michigan, were drawn by the promise of inexpensive land in the Homestead Act of 1860. This cemetery was informally established in 1864, when Ann Marie (Calliman) Guy, who arrived in the area in 1861 with her husband James Guy, was buried here. Although there was no formal action to set aside the property as a cemetery, over 50 burials took place here in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, Daniel and Mille Cummins Porter, who had arrived in Mecosta County in 1861, purchased a 120-acre farm which included the cemetery land. They eventually left the land to their foster son Aaron Morgan. In 1896, Aaron and Joanna Morgan bequeathed a half-acre parcel of land to the West Wheatland Union Cemetery Association. In 1954, Hubert J. and Bernadette Lehnert, then owners of the Morgan Farm, added another two acres. As of 2013, the entire cemetery housed about 400 burial sites, with about 225 in the old section. The cemetery is still in use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Morgan West Wheatland Cemetery is a rectangular, 2-1/2 acre burial ground fronting on 55th Avenue. Graves are located in the rear of the property, while the front is open. A two-track lane leads to the rear portion of the cemetery. The cemetery contains over 380 marked graves and another 25 unmarked graves. The cemetery is maintained and neatly trimmed.</p><br>
<p>Graves are laid out in a rectangular grid. Monuments include a range of styles seen in the Midwest, and are constructed from marble, sandstone, limestone, granite, fieldstone, and concrete. They include tablet headstones, pedestals with urn tops, slant-face markers, flat-top markers, and others. Government-issued monuments for veterans are also included. Four monuments or planters are built from fieldstone, and a number of concrete markers, some apparently homemade. A number of early markers display Christian symbolism, including a weeping willow, flowers and foliage, doves, and clasped hands.</p><br>
<p>The James A. and Lottie J.  Quick House is a private house located at 120 North Center Avenue in Gaylord, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James A. Quick was one of the prominent citizens of Gaylord. He was born in Oakland County, Michigan, on October 7, 1857, and worked on his father&#39;s farm until he moved to the Gaylord area in 1881, following his older brother Charles who had moved to the area two years earlier. The two established a livery barn located across the street from where this house now stands. They operated the barn until 1891, after which the brothers started a mercantile business in Gould City, Michigan. They returned to Gaylord in 1895 and opened a new Quick Brothers store. The brothers partnered with Almon Comstock and established a hardware store, a bank, and were active in real estate.</p><br>
<p>James and Charles Quick purchased the lot this house sits on in 1890. James Quick constructed a house on the lot in 1900, but did not buy out his brother&#39;s interest until 1903. In 1902, James Quick suffered an illness that caused him to withdraw from his business, although he did later serve as a village trustee. He lived in this house until his death in 1909.</p><br>
<p>James&#39; wife Lottie took over his business after his death in 1909, as well as running a millinery store she had opened in 1906. However, by 1912 she had sold her Gaylord business, opened a new millinery store in Detroit, and moved to that city, although she continued to manage the Quick businesses in Gaylord. The Quick house remained vacant for a year, and in 1913 Dr. Harry Knapp purchased it, intending to use it for his residence and medical office. Knapp constructed a separate patient entrance to the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the dentist Dr. William Housen moved into the house. and in 1921 another dentist, Dr. Charles Saunders, purchased the house. Saunders both lived in and practiced dentistry out of the house for a time, but by 1936 had relocated his practice downtown. In about 1950 he constructed an addition to the house. Saunders lived in the Quick house until his death in 1970. His wife Helen continued to live in the house until her death in 1999. The house has been vacant since that time. Applegate Building purchased the house in 2013 and as of 2016 plans to rehabilitate it into a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Quick house is a two-story cross-gable hipped roof wood frame Queen Anne home, with clapboard siding and decorative shingling, constructed in 1900. It sits on an uncoursed fieldstone foundation, and is roofed with faux diamond slate asphalt shingles applied over cedar shingles.</p><br>
<p>The front of the house features a wraparound hipped roof open porch, with a turned-baluster railing that spans the entire facade. The opening to the porch is framed by Tuscan columns. One bay of the porch was enclosed in the mid-twentieth century to form a sunroom. The original wood front door is</p><br>
<p>still on the porch, near a large window. Above the porch is a second-story balcony. The gable above is shingled, and to either side displays a large one-over-one double-hung window.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house is substantially original. The first-floor woodwork is primarily tiger maple, and has never been painted. The original wood flooring is in place throughout the house, save for the kitchen and bathrooms. The entryway, dining room, and front parlor have wood floors finished in concentric squares with alternating maple and oak wood planks. The second-story wood trim is pine. The house also has its original cast iron floor and wall registers and plaster on wood lathe walls.</p><br>
<p>The J.R. Darling Store is a historic commercial building at 1334 Scott Highway  in Groton, Vermont. It was built about 1895 on a site that has long housed commercial activity, and was the town&#39;s last general store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The J.R. Darling Store is located in the linear village center of Groton, on the north side of Scott Highway near its junction with Powder Spring Road. Scott Highway (US 302) is a major regional east–west route, connecting to Montpelier in the west and Littleton, New Hampshire in the east, and points beyond. The store is an L-shaped -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and mostly granite foundation. The exterior is finished in a combination of wooden clapboards and vinyl siding, and has modest vernacular Victorian decoration. The front facade has a recessed entrance flanked by a square commercial display windows, with an open balustraded porch above. A secondary entrance projects from the side of the main block. A residential ell extends to the right of the main block from its rear, with part covered by a single-story shed-roof porch.</p><br>
<p>The location where the Darling Store stands has a commercial history, including a tailors shop established by one of Grotons first white settlers in the early 19th century. Later, a tavern with meeting hall was built in the site; the hall was for many years where town meetings were held. About 1877, Jonathan R. Darling, a prominent local businessman and politician, purchased the property, and relocated the tavern portion to adjacent land (where it now forms part of the Alice Lord Goodine House, the public library). The oldest portion of the present building, its front section, was built about 1895, and it was enlarged several times, achieving its present form in the 1920s. Portions of the building were extensively damaged by a fire in 1980, but were sympathetically rebuilt. The building now houses residences in the rear and a winery shop in the front retail section.</p><br>
<p>The Lamoille County Courthouse is located at 154 Main Street in Hyde Park, the shire town of Lamoille County, Vermont. Built in 1912 to a design by Burlington architect Zachary Taylor Austin , it is a good example of Romanesque and Colonial Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lamoille County Courthouse is centrally located in the village of Hyde Park, amid a cluster of other government buildings set back from the south side of Main Street. It is an imposing -story brick building, with -story pyramid-roofed tower rising from the front left corner. The main roof is hipped, with dormers projecting from each side, and a low pyramidal roof at the front right corner. The tower has a square belfry stage below the roof, which is pierced by dormered clock faces and topped by a weathervane. The front facade is five bays wide, with a single-story porch extending across the center three bays. It is supported by round columns, and has Union Jack balustrade both on the ground floor, and encircling its roof. Second-floor windows are set in round-arch openings, with the outer and central bays housing doubled windows.</p><br>
<p>The countys first courthouse was built in Hyde Park in 1836, not long after the county was created by the state legislature, and Hyde Park was chosen as its shire town. That courthouse and 17 other buildings were destroyed by Hyde Parks "Great Fire" in 1910; county records were preserved in fireproof safes. The present building was built in 1911–12 to a design by Burlington architect Zachary Taylor Austin. It is stylistically a distinctive blend of the Colonial Revival and Romanesque Revival, a combination not seen in the states other county courthouses. The interior, which includes a large courtroom spanning the second floor, has seen little alteration since its construction. It is believed that this buildings fire vaults may be those from the 1836 courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Ironton City Hall is a historic municipal building in Ironton, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1917 to house the citys offices, fire department, library, jail, and an auditorium that hosted numerous community organizations and events. Ironton City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for having local significance in the themes of politics/government and social history. It was nominated for being the longstanding focal point of Irontons government services and community activities.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ironton City Hall is a two-story rectangular building measuring about 94 by. The principal façades are to the west and south. A one-story, 36 by extension at the northeast corner originally housed the jail. Centered on the east façade is a two-and-a-half-story tower used to dry the fire department&#39;s hoses.</p><br>
<p>The building rests on a limestone foundation with a partial basement. The walls are polychrome brick in shades of red, brown, black, and orange. The hip roof has wide eaves supported by projecting wooden brackets. A hip-roofed dormer is centered on the western façade.</p><br>
<p>The west and south façades have the most decorative elements. Decorative brickwork frames the ground-floor windows and doors, and two belt courses of corbeled bricks accentuate the division between the upper and lower floors. Bricks above the second-floor windows are set to form flat relief arches. Each is surmounted by a semicircular transom window set into a brick arch. However these fanlights were covered over with plywood around 1980. The negative space defined by the arches is stucco rather than brick. All three rows of windows have wide limestone window sills, and the upper two rows are punctuated with white keystones. The prominent downspouts at the corners were added in a 1996 remodeling.</p><br>
<p>There are three primary doorways, one on the south and two on the west. The latter two were enclosed in shed-like additions around 1980. Three garage doors on the south façade provide access for firefighting equipment.</p><br>
<p>The second-floor interior originally consisted of a large auditorium with a balcony, plus a kitchen and two small reading rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The city of Ironton was platted in 1910 as iron mining of the Cuyuna Range fueled a local economic boom. Inspired by the City Beautiful movement, co-founder John H. Hill envisioned a town with wide streets, public parks, and fashionable amenities to attract cultured residents and families to what would otherwise have been a rough mining town. His suggestion for a centrally located, multipurpose city hall was not approved by the city council, however, until 1916. A public vote that November overwhelmingly supported construction of such a hall and the issuance of a $20,000 municipal bond to finance the project.</p><br>
<p>By then the boomtown had no suitable empty lots, so the city cleared one by paying nominal fees to the owners of three houses and covering the cost of relocating the structures elsewhere. The selected site was adjacent to Ironton&#39;s main business district and across the street from the railroad depot. Four bids for construction of the hall were received in June 1917 and the contract went to Alex Nelson of Perham, Minnesota. Construction began the next week and the building was dedicated in December of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>Upon opening, Ironton City Hall included space for city council meetings, the fire department, and the jail. The city&#39;s public library was officially established in 1920 and immediately moved into the hall as well.</p><br>
<p>The fire department&#39;s space included an equipment room with three garage doors, and a club room with lockers, showers, and recreational furnishings. The department received its first motorized fire engine shortly after completion of the hall. Its staff also performed the maintenance activities for the building and used the basement as a gymnasium. In 1920 an alarm bell at the top of the hose tower was replaced with an electric siren and the garage doors were modified because they were too short to accommodate some new firefighting equipment.</p><br>
<p>Law enforcement remained an issue in the mining town, and one or two marshals worked out of the hall. The jail wing included four cells. This allowed Ironton to stop contracting with the adjacent city of Crosby to house its prisoners, and in fact it began housing prisoners for nearby Deerwood.</p><br>
<p>The second-floor auditorium could seat up to 400 people and was available for rent by community groups. Booking fees were discounted for organizations raising money for charity. Many of the first events held in the hall were benefits for American soldiers serving in World War I or their dependents at home. A wide variety of organizations booked the auditorium, including fraternal societies, ethnic clubs, sports teams, scout groups, and the local high school. Events ranged from "dramatic readings" to dances, concerts, craft bazaars, and at least one indoor carnival. The room was also pressed into service as a hospital during the 1918 flu pandemic.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>The need for police services in Ironton waned with the demise of the mining industry. The Ironton police department was disbanded in 1971 and law enforcement services were contracted to a neighboring city once again. The city halls upper floor and basement were closed off in 1993 due to accessibility issues. Accessible restrooms were installed on the ground floor in 1996, part of a renovation that also reconfigured the division between the government offices and the library. At the time of the propertys National Register nomination in 2002, the building still housed the city council chambers, county clerks office, childrens library, and fire department.</p><br>
<p>The Andy Gibson was a steamboat that serviced the headwaters of the Mississippi River in the USA state of Minnesota from 1884 to 1894. After her retirement, the ship was left in a drydock outside her home port of Aitkin, Minnesota, and gradually dismantled for parts. The hull and drydock eventually sank out of sight. It is thus unique among USA shipwrecks for still resting on a drydock cradle. The Andy Gibson shipwreck  was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 for having state-level significance in the themes of commerce, engineering, entertainment/recreation, maritime history, non-aboriginal historic archaeology, and transportation. It was nominated for comprising the rare and well-preserved remains of a Mississippi River steamboat.</p><br>
<p>The M.S. Whitcomb Farm is a historic farm property on United States Route 2 in Richmond, Vermont. Established in the 1850s as a horse farm, it has seen agricultural use in some form since then. Its most distinguishing feature is a large bank barn with a monitor roof, built in 1901. The property, now 170 acre, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Whitcomb Farm property is located about 1.5 mi east of the village center of Richmond, on a roughly triangular parcel that abuts Interstate 89 to the south and is divided by US 2. The area south of US 2 is mainly bottomlands of the Winooski River, and have traditionally been used for crops, while the area north of that road is hillier, and has traditionally been used as pastureland. The farmstead complex is set on the north side of US 2, and is roughly centered on the farms road frontage. The complexs most prominent feature, visible from the interstate, is a large three-story bank barn with a monitor roof. At the western end of the farmstead is a 2-1/2 story wood frame farmhouse with Italianate appearance; it is a reconstruction (using some surviving elements) of an 1875 building that burned down in 1982. To the right of the bank barn is a round-roofed metal storage barn built about 1975.</p><br>
<p>This land was cleared for farming sometime in the early 19th century. It was in 1821 the birthplace of George F. Edmunds, a United States Senator from Vermont. The farm in its present form was started in the early 1850s by William Freeman as a horse breeding operation, which he sold in 1854 to M.S. Manwell. This farm and other surrounding land were consolidated by the late 1880s into a single predominantly dairy operation by Moses S. Whitcomb. He is credited with building the monitor-roofed bank barn in 1901; it is one of the only barns of this type in the entire state.</p><br>
<p>Arthyde Stone House is a historic bungalow in the former community of Arthyde, Minnesota, United States. It was built circa 1922 using local fieldstone. The Arthyde Stone House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of exploration/settlement. It was nominated for being a locally prominent reminder of the failed townsite speculation common to northern Minnesota&#39;s cutover land during the Roaring Twenties.</p><br>
<p>The Patrick Casey House is a historic house in Aitkin, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1901 in a mix of Queen Anne and Neoclassical styles. Original owner Patrick Casey  was a partner in the Potter/Casey Company, the regions leading retail chain. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for its association with one of Aitkins most prominent businessmen at the turn of the 20th century, and for being one of northern Minnesota&#39;s few architecturally distinctive residences outside of Duluth and the Iron Range cities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Patrick Casey moved to Aitkin in his 20s, first working as a teamster in logging camps. However he met Warren Potter, a former Civil War colonel who owned a series of retail stores in the area. Casey was hired as the manager of Potters branch in Grand Rapids. When Potters business partner David Williard retired, Casey was offered the partnership. Together the two men built the renamed Potter–Casey Company into the region&#39;s leading retailer.</p><br>
<p>Patrick Casey married Elizabeth Emma Killeen in 1882. They went on to have seven children, though their son Albert Edward Casey drowned at age seven. After Patrick Casey&#39;s death in 1910, his widow continued to live in the house for many years. She ultimately downsized and donated the house to the Benedictine Sisters of Duluth, who reopened the building as Maryhill Academy, a parochial school, in 1939. The school closed in 1968, and the following year a portion of the original 22 acre estate was sold off to build an apartment complex. The Casey House saw use as a group home, first for teenage girls, then in the 1980s for adults with mental disabilities. In 2001 the building was sold again and refurbished as a single-family home.</p><br>
<p>The Fitchburg Yarn Mill is an historic mill building at 1428 Main Street in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Built in 1907 and enlarged several times, it was one of the city&#39;s largest textile operations for over 60 years. The building is an important local work of Frank Sheldon, a noted industrial architect of the period. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Fitchburg Yarn Mill is located on the between Main Street and the north bank of the Nashua River northwest of downtown Fitchburg. The main building is, at 500 ft in length and 110 ft in width, one of the city&#39;s largest industrial buildings. It is three stories in height and built out of red brick. Windows are set in segmented-arch openings with concrete sills, the bays articulated by simple brick pilasters. Attached to the main mill are a two-story office building, an engine house, and a round brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Fitchburg Yarn Company was incorporated in 1906, and this plant was built and operations begun the following year. The building reached its present dimensions in 1919, with the construction of the easternmost section. The building was designed by Frank Sheldon, an industrial architect based in Providence, Rhode Island; his firm provided industrial architectural services across the eastern United States, and is credited with a number of significant surviving mills. The company&#39;s leadership were all prominent local businessmen; members of Lyman family were involved in the management of the company for most of its operational existence. The mill was closed about 1970 and the building subsequently redeveloped for multi-family residential use.</p><br>
<p>The National Woodenware Company Superintendents Residence is a historic house in Hill City, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1910 as housing for the local manager of a manufacturing plant that produced wooden buckets and tubs for Armour and Company. The National Woodenware Company relocated to Hill City from Ithaca, Michigan, in 1910, purchasing a third of the towns lots, constructing residences for its employees, and tripling the population. The Superintendents Residence was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of exploration/settlement and industry. It was nominated for being the most prominent reminder of Hill Citys principal employer and developer in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Guyton Historic District is a 250 acre historic district in the city of Guyton, Georgia. It is bounded by the city limits on the east, south, and west, and Alexander Ave. on the north, and it includes 136 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was deemed significantas a relatively well preserved rural community that developed along the railroad tracks during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its founding and growth illustrate traditional locational and community planning theories. Because it was readily accessible to Savannah, it became an early example of a "bedroom community" for commuter businessmen and professionals.</p><br>
<p>Its architecture reflects many of the prevailing design principles and construction practices of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty County Jail is a historical building in Hinesville, Georgia, built in 1892. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the building was completed in October 1892 by a general contractor named Parkhill. Much of the information regarding the construction of the building is currently unknown. The two-story brick building was built to replace a one-story wooden jail. The building is located at what would have been at the time, of its construction, the southern edge of Hinesville, which was the county seat of Liberty County, Georgia. The building is one of the oldest brick buildings in both Hinesville and Liberty County. It underwent a slight renovation in 1916, with several repairs made to its structure. In 1941, heaters were installed replacing two fireplaces in the jail.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the building was starting to deteriorate. In 1964, county commissioners recommended building a new county jail, which was approved in 1968. In 1970, construction of the new county jail was completed, with the Georgia governor at the time Lester Maddox calling the old structure "a rotten, filthy rathole." On March 3 the building was sold at an auction. The Liberty County Historical Society purchased the old structure for $4,500. The historical society later donated the building to the city of Hinesville. In 1992, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Currently, the building is being operated as a free museum by the city.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>According to the building&#39;s NRHP listing, the building is an example of vernacular architecture with elements of late Victorian architecture. Historically, the jail would have been painted white, but preservationists returned the building to its red brick exterior via sandblasting after the jail closed. There is a considerable amount of prisoner graffiti on the cell walls. According to restoration documentation, the jail is a "significant example of a late 19th century jail for an agricultural county and a small, but growing, community in Georgia."</p><br>
<p>The building is a two-story building designed in a "stubby T" shape, with a width of 64 ft and a length of 75 ft. The building originally sported a tin roof that was replaced by roof shingles. A tall brick fence surrounds the building.</p><br>
<p>Sope Creek Ruins are located at the intersection of Paper Mill Road and Sope Creek in Cobb County, Georgia and are old industrial ruins. These ruins are the remnants of a larger manufacturing complex which drew on the waterpower that the creek produced. During the period 1850 to 1940, a succession of enterprises, from a  paper mill, twine plant, flour mill and hydroelectric power plant occupied an area of about one mile along the creek.</p><br>
<p>The paper mill at Sope Creek was run by Marietta Paper Mills and incorporated on December 19, 1859, possibly by Andrew Schofield Edmondston and Saxon A. Anderson. Facilities at the paper mill included a mill, oil room, office, mill sluice (raceway), storeroom, dam, machine shop, pulp-grinding mill, and two shelters.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places (National Register of Historic Places listings in Cobb County, Georgia) on April 27, 1973, with its address listed as restricted.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War production constraints</h2><br>
<p>The Daily Intelligencer of Atlanta printed a letter dated September 10, 1863, from Mr. A.S. Edmonston. In it, Mr. Edmondston pleads with the Intelligencer, letting them know that while they are the newspaper&#39;s main source of paper, they can only send them so much due to war constraints. Edmondston writes:</p><br>
<p>I have on hand a few bundles of paper, which I will ship you, and this will be the last for some time; for when we shall resume again I cannot tell. My hands volunteered in the Home Guard, to protect the country against raids, and are now called out to guard stores and prepare the defences of your city, I understand. In the first instance, at the commencement of the war, I was disposed to aid all in my power and encouraged two of the hands to volunteer in Confederate service. This left hardly hands enough to get along with when all were well. Afterwards we lost two or three hands, and this left us short of hands, and one machine has only run when our hands have worked eighteen hours in the day.--We applied for the detail of the hands which has not been done, though the Government has been urgent for paper, and we have strained every nerve to supply. Shorthanded, we have done the best we could, and now all our hands are taken, of course we are obliged to stop.</p><br>
<p>Edmondston goes on to complain about the fact that while the Confederate government demands paper, he is shorthanded because paper workers were not considered vital to the war effort. Edmondston stated: "You know Paper makers are not to be had South, and are not like Shoe-Makers, and many other callings which give exemptions to so many thousands, and cannot be learned after the Conscript officer takes after a fellow."</p><br>
<p>The paper supply became even harder to come by when on July 5, 1864, Union soldiers under the command of General Gerrard burned the Marietta Paper Mill, along with Denmead&#39;s Flour Mill. The paper mill was rebuilt in 1865, only to burn again in 1870 and be rebuilt in 1871. The mill struggled to survive the years immediately following the second rebuilding. The mills were sold at a public sale in 1873 and restructured as the Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company. In 1888 and 1889, a wood pulp mill and a twine factory were added to the site, respectively. Finally, in 1902, production at that location stopped.</p><br>
<h2>Media accounts</h2><br>
<p>The Atlanta Constitution printed a picture of the Paper Mill ruins on the banks of the Soap creek in May 1932. The caption read "GREAT WALLS BUILT BY SLAVE LABOR… Before the Civil War this building housed a large paper mill." This is the only reference to slavery in the material concerning the Sope Creek Industrial Area. The language of this caption implies that the paper mill never recovered from the burning by Gerrard&#39;s men, when in fact it had.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, the Atlanta Journal printed an article reminiscing about the Marietta Paper Mills. In an editorial note that accompanied the article, a senior staff member at the Journal, H.H. Cabaniss, recalled that the Marietta Paper Mills, under the ownership of Saxon A. Anderson, supplied paper for a great many of the Atlanta-area daily newspapers. In 1867, Cabaniss had been the business manager for the Atlanta New Era and bought his paper in rolls from the Marietta Paper Mills.</p><br>
<h2>Flour mill, hydroelectric dam, and power plant</h2><br>
<p>Along with the paper mill was Denmead&#39;s Flour Mill. Founded in 1855, Edward Denmead had built a flour mill on the west bank about 200 yards up from where Paper Mill Road and Sope Creek intersect. Denmead apparently ran this operation and shared a road off of Paper Mill Road with the Marietta Paper Mills. The flour mill was burnt at the same time as the paper mill, but apparently was never rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, a hydroelectric dam and a power plant were built on the west side of the creek 900 yards (~820m) upstream from where Paper Mill Road crosses. As of 1973, this dam was inoperable.</p><br>
<p>When the Georgia Historical Commission (GHC) submitted its report in March 1973, they detailed the purpose of every remaining structure. The description of the site layout was accurate enough that someone could attempt to locate and identify all remaining structures. The mill room: "The largest structure remaining is the mill building downstream from Paper Mill Road approximately ¼ mile on the east bank of the Creek. It contained five rooms and is approximately 300 feet long." The oil room and office was "nearby… just across a small creek." The pulp-grinding mill was "just south of Paper Mill Road. It is two stories high and approximately 100 feet long." Denmead&#39;s flourmill was described, although evidence is difficult to spot today, due to construction. Even the foundations of an old bridge, which lay near the aforementioned dam, were identified.</p><br>
<p>In the GHC report there is no mention of a printing press. In the articles concerning the ruins at Sope Creek, never once is there any mention of a printing press. The idea that the Confederate States of America used to print money on the banks of the Sope Creek had to have developed somewhere.</p><br>
<p>One single article mentions money printing. The New York Times printed an article on May 31, 1968, written by Lincoln A. Werden, describing the Atlanta Golf Classic being played at Atlanta Country Club. The Atlanta Country Club abuts Sope Creek about a third of a mile from the Sope Creek entrance to the Chattahoochee. Werden writes "The par-3 13th, a 135-yard hole, is a photographer&#39;s delight. The tee is on high ground and Soap Creek, a fast moving muddy stream, runs in front of the green. To the left is a waterfall and off to the right of the green is the site of a former Confederate mint."</p><br>
<p>Other than the golfers, the only source Werden quoted was the tournament director, Jack Tuthill. At that time, Atlanta Country Club was only four years old and hosting a major tournament event.</p><br>
<p>Research shows there was no mint at the mill on Sope Creek. The paper mill in Marietta was one of the first wood-using mills in the State of Georgia. The wood-using mill went into operation in 1864 shortly after the original mill was burned by the Union Army. The mill made newsprint by grinding loblolly and short-leaf pine mixed with imported pulp. One of the major products manufactured was paper for Confederate money. The story of the mint developed over time from the fact that the mill manufactured and shipped paper that Confederate money was printed on. There was no mint and the mill did not print money but it did manufacture the paper.</p><br>
<p>The District 6 School House is a historic school building at 73 Cemetery Circle in Lyndon, Vermont. Built in 1857, it served as a school until 1900, and saw use in the 20th century as a garage, storage facility, and museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former District 6 School House stands in the village of Lyndon Center, on the north side of Cemetery Circle. It is set just north of the town&#39;s 1809 town hall, and east of the village cemetery. It is single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and modern concrete foundation. The front facade is symmetrical and relatively plain, with a pair of entrances, each framed by pilasters and corniced entablature. The building corners are also pilastered. The interior has a reproduction of original flooring, but other features contemporary to its use as a schoolhouse have been preserved.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1857, and is one of the town&#39;s few surviving 19th-century district school buildings. It served as a school until 1900, and was closed after the town adopted consolidated schooling mandated by the state. It was then sold to the local fire district which used it for storage, and it then served as a service garage for the adjacent cemetery. It was given a meticulous restoration the 2000s by the local historical society for use as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>The Potter/Casey Company Building is a historic commercial building in Aitkin, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1902 to house the expanding business of Aitkin Countys leading retailer and to lease office space to other businesses on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for representing Aitkin Countys most successful commercial enterprise at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad Passenger Depot, also known as the Chicago and North Western Railway Passenger Depot and presently as the Douglas Railroad Interpretive Center, was built in 1886 in Douglas, Wyoming to accommodate traffic on the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroads  terminus at the newly built town. The depot was built as a fairly small, cautious investment in a possibly ephemeral frontier town. Immediately following the completion of the depot Douglas saw an epidemic of typhoid fever and the worst winter in a generation, and the railroad decided to push on to Casper for its terminus. The towns population declined from 1600 in 1886 to 900 in 1888. By 1891 Owen Wister reported that Douglas had a population of about 350. However, by 1910 Douglas had 2246 residents and hosted the Wyoming State Fair. The presence of the fair stimulated rail traffic, while the FE&MV merged with the Cheyenne and Northern Railway in 1903. In 1905 oil development started. In the 1950s coal mining began for the Dave Johnson Power Plant and the railway expanded its Douglas facilities to accommodate the traffic, closing the original depot and building a larger facility. The depot was acquired from the railroad&#39;s successor, the Chicago and North Western Railway, by the city in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular frame structure is a typical small railroad depot, measuring about 80 ft by 26 ft, built to a standardized railroad plan. Like most such depots, the station has a protruding bay on the long side facing the track to allow the stationmaster to see up and down the line. The interior has five spaces: a waiting room, an office, bathrooms, freight handling and freight storage. The interior woodwork is intact.</p><br>
<p>The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Higgins, Tabor Hotel or Higgins Hotel was built in 1916-1917 during the oil boom in Glenrock, Wyoming. It was built for John E. Higgins, who was a local rancher, legislator and oil business investor, and his wife Josephine Amoretti Higgins. It was designed by architect Edward Reavill, and it opened on May 9, 1917. After the accidental death of Josephine in 1924 and the death of John in 1926 the property was disputed by their heirs. This was resolved in 1942 when the hotel was sold to Dr. and Mrs. Leonard Tabor at a tax sale, and the hotel became the Tabor Hotel. After several new owners the hotel became the Hotel Higgins again in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Higgins is a -story wood-frame building with a U-shaped plan. Two major blocks face the street with deep hipped roofs, connected by a hipped block of the same height set back from the street and fronted by a one-story entrance porch. The side elevations feature small shed dormers that are almost as wide as the hip ridge. Rafter tails are exposed at the eaves. As built it had 38 rooms, with high ceilings and plaster ceiling trim. The original lap siding on the exterior has been covered by asbestos shingle siding.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Higgins was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Several sections of the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Typically there are sections of trail that are concentrated at geographic features such as fords or crossings of divides, where the trail consolidates from a broad swath of parallel, poorly defined paths to a small area where remnants of the trail are visible.</p><br>
<p>Antelope Creek crossing, also known as the Spring Draw Segment is a portion of the Bozeman Trail in Converse County, Wyoming that includes a rutted section of the trail as it slopes down to the crossing of Antelope Creek. A stage coach station was located at this place from 1877, featuring a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>The location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Coordinates: 43&deg;25&prime;45&Prime;N latitude, 105&deg;48&prime;28&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Holdup Hollow segment of the Bozeman Trail preserves a section of the trail in Converse County that exhibits a number of wheel rut pathways. The site includes Holdup Hollow, which was reputed to be a favored site for stage coach robberies. The location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Coordinates: 43&deg;05&prime;39&Prime;N latitude, 105&deg;42&prime;50&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Ross Flat segment of the Bozeman Trail is a pathway climbing from the Wind Creek drainage in Converse County to a ridgeline plateau called Ross Flat. About 3.3 mi are included in the designated section. The location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Coordinates: 43&deg;29&prime;26&Prime;N latitude, 105&deg;49&prime;49&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Sage Creek Station was a resting and watering place on the trail. It was protected by ridges and had access to water from Sage Creek at a stop convenient for the first night out from Fort Fetterman. A stage coach station was located here in the 1870s. The site features trash and debris deposits from passers-by during the time the trail was used. The location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Stinking Water Gulch segment of the Bozeman Trail features some of the best-preserved trail ruts in a scenic area where the trail crossed Stinking Water Creek. The location was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Coordinates: 43&deg;45&prime;38&Prime;N latitude, 105&deg;41&prime;12&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Ogilvie Watertower is a historic water tower in Ogilvie, Minnesota, United States, built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of engineering and social history. It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of Minnesotas earliest reinforced concrete water towers and a symbol of the local infrastructure improvements that enabled the organization of Ogilvies fire department.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ogilvie Watertower is a cylinder 80 ft tall and 21 ft in diameter. The 9 in concrete walls were poured in place. The water is stored in a 24 ft, 50,000 USgal concrete tank within the upper reaches of the tower. The structure is topped by a 2 ft parapet with crenellations that suggest a medieval fortified tower.</p><br>
<p>A wood-frame garage is attached to the base of the tower on the east. Entrance to the tower is effected through double steel doors facing east. There are three 32-light windows at ground level and four more at the level of an internal wooden platform. At the 72 ft level, a southwest-facing door once opened onto a small platform attached to the outside of the tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ogilvie Watertower was one of the first water towers in Minnesota to be constructed of reinforced concrete. It was cast in place by the Circular Concrete Company of Minneapolis in 1918. Its design was a noticeable contrast to the metal tank towers found in many other communities around the state, such as the Cuyuna Iron Range Municipally-Owned Elevated Metal Water Tanks. Although other concrete water towers were built, they tended to leak at the base of the internal tank, so most have been demolished and replaced. The Ogilvie Watertower is one of the few examples of its type still standing.</p><br>
<p>At the same time this tower was built, the village had an improved water system installed. This provided the infrastructure necessary for Ogilvie to organize its first volunteer fire department.</p><br>
<p>The water tower was extensively restored and repainted in 1977. It was finally decommissioned in August 2011, an event commemorated by a public ceremony at the tower followed by a parade to and dedication ceremony at its modern replacement.</p><br>
<p>The Hart Downtown Historic District is a commercial historic district located in Hart, Michigan along South State Street, and is roughly bounded by Main, Dryden, Water, and Lincoln Streets. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European settlers came to what is now Hart Township in 1855-56; the township itself was established in 1860. Timber was an early industry, and the village or Hart began when Elbridge G. Farmer began construction of a sawmill along the river in what is now Hart. The mill was purchased by Lyman B. Corbin and completed in 1862, and a boardinghouse built soon after. In 1864, the small settlement was chosen as the county seat of Oceana County. A post office was established that same year, and Corbin completed the first portion of the village. A general store was built in what is now this historic district in 1865, a hardware store in 1866, and the first county buildings were constructed in 1867-68. A church was added in 1869, as well as a school, and by 1873 the village population was about 600.</p><br>
<p>This rapid growth went hand-in-hand with the establishment of other industries in the area - mostly lumber-related, such as planing mills and stave manufacture. By 1883, there were at least 40 businesses in downtown Hart. The first brick buildings were constructed about this time, and after a series of fires in the village, brick became the norm for building material. By 1900 brick blocks formed the majority of buildings in this district; five pre-1900 brick buildings exist today.</p><br>
<p>Development continued in the district through the first part of the 20th century, with new brick structures replacing older buildings. Construction essentially halted during the Great Depression, although a new post office was built. After World War II, a number of fires destroyed earlier buildings. Newer Modern construction took their place. Several other buildings were modernized, changing the streetscape of Hart.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hart Downtown Historic District encompasses the central business district of the city, which includes a series of closely set buildings along three blocks of State Street, with a few blocks on either side. Structures in the district are primarily commercial, but include single-family homes and government buildings as well. The buildings represent a range of construction dates, as later buildings were infilled after fires or demolition of earlier structures. There are 57 buildings included within the district boundary, of which 37 contribute to the historic character of the district, with the remaining 20 of later construction or having a significant loss of integrity. The buildings are predominantly one or two stories, and use a variety of construction materials, of which brick and block are most common. Architectural styles include Italianate, Art Moderne and Mid-Century Modern.</p><br>
<p>Significant contributing structures include:</p><br>
<p>Charles A. and Carrie Gurney House (1893) This two-story brick Italianate house is located at 16 Courtland Street. The house was originally constructed for Charles A. Gurney, a local lawyer and pharmacist. The windows in the house are stacked in pairs of four over one double-hung windows. The small porch in the front of the house replaced a larger original porch that spanned the entire front.</p><br>
<p>Marv Chandler House (pre-1892) This foursquare buff brick hipped roof house is located at 15 Courtland Street. The house was probably originally constructed for Marv Chandler in the years just prior to 1892. The house is similar to the Gurney House across the street. The front facade has single double-hung windows with arched hoods. It has large overhanging eaves and an enclosed entry porch dating from the latter part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>John V. and Lydia E. Cahill House (c. 1893) This two-story gable-front house is located at 19 Courtland Street. It was originally constructed for John V. Cahill, a wagonmaker and part owner of a hardware store. The steeply pitched front gable reaches from ground-story eaves to a point above the main front gable, which has a small window at the top. There are two front entrances, and a long serial window. An ell addition was constructed on the house in 1920, and the front renovated to reflect an English Cottage style somewhat thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Mahar Wigton House (1881 - 1883) This two-story gabled ell house is located at 25 Courtland Street. This house was probably built in 1881-1883 for Mahar Wigton, who died in 1883. The property passed to his sons, Edmund and Warren, who both died in 1890, after which it passed to Warren&#39;s minor son Albert, with his mother Libbie as guardian. The house has an enclosed porch with a small octagon window on the first floor, as well as two bay windows. The second floor has five double hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Chadwick-Munger House (1893) This two-story house faced with coursed fieldstone is located at 114 Dryden Street. The house was constructed in 1893 for Dr. Harvey J. Chadwick, a prominent physician and pharmacist. However, Chadwick moved to Grand Rapids that same year, and in 1900 sold the house to Louis P. and Edith Munger. Louis was a cherry farmer and Edith served as the first female president of the Michigan Audubon Society from 1913 to 1934. The house is currently owned by the Oceana County Historical and Genealogical Society. The house has a hipped roof with dormers; asymmetric gables project at each side of the front elevation, one of which projects in a semi-octagonal form with small triangle-window dormers. The central entry is covered with a low hipped porch.</p><br>
<p>Hart Auto Company / Kunkle Manufacturing Co. (multiple dates, 1914 - 1929) This two-story, block long building located at 112 East Main Street was constructed in four parts. The oldest part was constructed in 1914 to house Hart Auto Company&#39;s Ford Service Garage. The building has corbelled and sawtooth brickwork, along with first floor storefront windows and five segmental arch-head second-story windows. An extension to the Hart Auto Company building was added in 1926, containing similar corbelled and sawtooth brickwork, as well as industrial windows. In about 1929 the Kunkle Manufacturing Company, an auto parts manufacturer, demolished a store on the other side of the block and built a factory with two and three-section windows on the front facade. Some time later a gable-roofed connector was constructed between the 1914 Hart building and the 1929 Kunkle building.</p><br>
<p>Noret Block (1899) This two-story Late Victorian brick commercial building is three storefronts wide, and is located at 12-16 South State Street. E.A. Noret, an early developer in Hart, purchased the lots this building sits on in early 1899 and quickly constructed this building. It was fully occupied by January 1900. The brick facade has square-headed double-hung windows on the second floor with stone window hoods above. On the first floor, the central entryway for each storefront is recessed, with large windows on either side.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank of Hart (1927–28) This two-story Neoclassical building was designed by Bond-Hubbard Company, a firm specializing in banks, for the First National Bank. It is located at 50 South State Street. This bank was organized in 1874, and failed in 1937. Afterward, the building was occupied by The Oceana County Savings Bank, which continued to operate in this building until the bak was purchased by another institution. Its successor organization, Huntington Bank, still operates at this location. The building has a front portico with two simplified Corinthian columns with a classical entablature above. Large windows flank the columns on the first floor, while the second floor has three windows evenly spaced over the first floor windows and entryway.</p><br>
<p>County Courthouse Complex (1903, 1957, 1967) The County courthouse complex, located at 100 South State Street, consists of a 1903 Civil War Monument, along with the 1957-58 courthouse and the 1968 sheriffs department/jail. The first Oceana Courthouse was constructed at this location in 1873, and was not replaced until the present structure was built in 1957. The current courthouse is a one-story light yellow-buff and red brick International style building with a flat roof. The single-story Sheriff Department and Jail is similar. The Civil War Monument is a granite monument, with a pedestal supporting the figure of an infantry soldier at parade rest.</p><br>
<p>Ben Franklin Store Building (late 19th C./1917-19). This building, located at 19-23 South State Street, was constructed as two separate buildings. One half, perhaps part of the now-demolished Van Amburg block next door, was constructed in the late 19th century. The other half was constructed in 1917-19 for the Oceana County Savings Bank. In 1939, Robert Dorsh purchased both buildings and remodeled them into a single structure with the present front facade. Dorsh opened a Ben Franklin variety store in the building. After that closed, the Gambles department store expanded into he building in 1979. The combined building has a nearly all glass storefront on the firth floor, with a red brick upper portion above containing four widely separated double-hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Amuse Theater (1927) This two-story symmetric white enameled brick building at 27 South State Street was originally constructed to house the Amuse Theatre, which operated at this site from at least 1907. The theatre seated 400 people. and the building contained commercial space in the front. The upper portion of the facade is clad in white enameled bricks, with green soldier bricks above and below the windows and included in other decorative details. The lower portion of the facade has been significantly altered from the original. with the addition of enameled metal panels, and the location of the entrance moved.</p><br>
<p>Erickson Block (1892–93) This two story Italianate style commercial building located at 39 South State Street was built between 1892 and 1893.</p><br>
<p>Hatch-Denison Block (1889) This two-story brick Italianate commercial building at 53-55 South State Street was built in 1889. It has two, very different storefronts on the first floor. The second story has three double-hung windows with segmental-arch hoods above each storefront, and piers separating the window bays.</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple (1884, 1961) This two-story building at 117-119 South State Street once formed the end of the Wigton Hotel Block. It was the home of the Masonic Hall from at least 1893 through the 1980s. The building was entirely remodeled in 1961, and the remainder of the block was demolished in 1966. In the 1980s, the Hart Masonic Lodge merged with the Shelby Lodge and used their facilities. The first floor of the building has a single off-center entrance. The second floor has three windows with stone slab sills.</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office (1939) This single story Neoclassical post office located at 135 South State Street was designed by Louis A. Simon, the Supervising Architect of the Office which designed most of the country&#39;s post office buildings from 1933 to 1939. It is constructed of limestone-trimmed red brick, Ruth Grotenrath painted the WPA mural, "Boy Rounding up the Stick," located in the lobby of the building.</p><br>
<p>United Home Telephone Exchange (1916) This two-story flat-roofed red brick structure located at 220 Washington Street was used for the offices of the United Home Telephone Company, which provided telephone service to Oceana, Muskegon and Mason Counties. The first floor has a small entry porch and a sixteen over one window. The second story has three ten over one windows.</p><br>
<p>Jenne Block is a two-story brick commercial building in downtown Douglas, Wyoming. It is described as the most ornate commercial building in Douglas, with extensive terra cotta detailing. It was built for rancher and businessman Jacob Jenne by contractor Edward A. Reavill in 1916. The building housed a bank and the local Douglas Enterprise newspaper, as well as professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular building measures 100 ft long by 26 ft wide. The corner entrance is set at an angle to face the Center and South Third Streets intersection and is topped by a terra cotta crest with a JJ monogram. A raised entry at the middle of the long side provides access to the upper floors, with a basement stair set underneath. The elevations that do not face the street are blank expanses of brick.</p><br>
<p>Jenne Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 6, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion was built in 1903 in Douglas, Wyoming for the family of John Morton. Morton was a sheep rancher who also served as an elected official, banker and civic leader in Douglas. The house was designed by Wyoming architect William DuBois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Morton was born John M. Jenne in Germany and emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1867, settling in DeKalb, Illinois. He enlisted in the USA Army at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, but deserted after an incident with an officer and changed his name to Morton. For a while he worked around the gold mines of Cripple Creek, Colorado, then went to Wyoming where he established a sheep ranch about 1891. Almost immediately he became the largest owner of livestock in central Wyoming, working together with his brother Jacob Jenne to operate the Morton-Jenne Sheep Company. The Morton Ranch grew to be the largest ranch in Converse County.</p><br>
<p>Morton married Sarah McDermott in 1894. They had five children, and Morton commissioned DuBois to design a house in Douglas for the family. The house was built by James Wells and completed in 1903. After moving into town Moron became a director of the First National Bank of Douglas and other businesses. He was elected mayor of Douglas in 1910 and represented Converse County in the Wyoming legislature. Morton died in 1916 and his wife and family assumed control of what became Mortons, Inc. The family retained the house until Sarah&#39;s death in 1952. After a time as a home for troubled youth the house returned to residential use and was renovated in the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion is a 2-1/2 story frame house with a porch on two sides and a variety of projecting bays. It is capped with a steeply-sloping shingled roof over a full attic. The porch railing adds to the design with a pattern of diamond cross-bracing. Window vary, with a variety of muntin patterns. Some of the first floor windows feature stained glass transoms. The property is enclosed with an ornate cast-iron fence at the edges of the double lot.</p><br>
<p>The Morton Mansion was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Snelson-Brinker House was a historic home located near Steelville, Crawford County, Missouri. It was built by Levi Lane Snelson in 1834, as a one-story, double-pen log dwelling, and sold to John B. Brinker in 1837. Later that year, the property was the site of the murder of Brinker&#39;s two-year-old daughter Vienna, for which Mary the slave became the youngest person to be executed in Missouri history. The house was extensively rebuilt in the late 1980s. Also on the property are the log and frame smokehouse/root cellar , a cast iron pump , an open field and beyond the field is a cemetery with graves dating back to the 1830s. The property was eventually operated by the St. James Historical Preservation Society as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>The Snelson-Brinker House is significant as a campsite and gravesite during the period of the Trail of Tears. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It burned down on July 4, 2017, due to vandalism.</p><br>
<p>Maj. Gen. William S. Harney Summer Home, also known as the Harney Mansion, is a historic home located at Sullivan, Crawford County, Missouri. It was built in 1856, and is a 1 3/4-story, eclectic dwelling constructed of native brown sandstone. The house has a rear wing added between 1869 and 1872. It was the summer home of William S. Harney, who purchased it in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Harney was known among the Sioux as "Woman Killer" due to his actions (known as the Harney Massacre) at an Indian village in 1855 at Blue Water Creek.</p><br>
<p>It is operated as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Big Bend Rural School is a historic one-room school building located near Steelville, Crawford County, Missouri. It was built in 1893, and is a one-story, rectangular frame building on a native sandstone foundation. It measures 20 feet by 25 feet and has a gable roof. Big Bend School closed in 1949 and is owned by the Crawford County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Scotia Iron Furnace Stack is a historic iron furnace stack located near Leasburg, Crawford County, Missouri. It was built about 1870 by the Scotia Iron Works, and is 35 feet wide at the base, and approximately 40 feet high. It is constructed of native limestone blocks. The furnace remained in operation until 1880.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Washington Hotel, also known as Washington House, is a historic hotel building located at Greenfield, Dade County, Missouri. It was built in 1882 and expanded between 1900 and 1910, and is a 2 1/2-story, painted brick building with modest Italianate style detailing. It consists of a central block with flanking wings. It sits on a raised basement and has a low-pitched hipped roof with dormers. The hotel closed in the late-1960s. It was later destroyed.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Greenfield Opera House Building, also known as Greenfield Opry House, is a historic opera house building located at Greenfield, Dade County, Missouri. It was built in 1887–1888, and is a three-story, rectangular, Late Victorian style red brick building. It measures 67 feet by 84 feet and features a pressed metal and cast iron ornamented facade. It has three storefronts on the first floor and opera house on the second and part of the third floors.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Dilday Mill, also known as Finley Mill, was a historic grist mill building located at Greenfield, Dade County, Missouri. It was built in 1867, and was a water-powered, grist mill standing two stories above ground level and three stories above Turnback Creek. It measured approximately 22 feet by 34 feet. The building collapsed in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and delisted in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Daviess County Rotary Jail and Sheriffs Residence is a historic rotary jail and sheriffs residence located in Gallatin, Daviess County, Missouri. It was built in 1888 by the Pauly Jail Building and Manufacturing Company of St. Louis, Missouri. The jail is a one-story, octagonally-shaped brick structure on a stone foundation. The sheriffs residence is a two-story, T-shaped brick dwelling. It is connected to the jail by a two-story, irregularly-shaped structure which houses the jails kitchen at the first floor level and the womens cells at the second-story level.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>A. Taylor Ray House, also known as the Tuggle House, is a historic home located at Gallatin, Daviess County, Missouri. It was built in 1896, and is a two-story, free classic Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It sits on a cut limestone foundation and is topped by pyramid, gable, hip, shed and mansard roofs. It features an octagonal tower and wraparound ornamented verandah.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Dalton-Uphoff House  is a historic house located near Stewartsville, DeKalb County, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built about 1850, and is a two-story brick dwelling with an ell shaped plan and a gabled roof. It was designed by Richmond Dalton, and is one of two examples of brick architecture in the county (the other is the Absolom Riggs House).</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 12, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Absolom Riggs House, also known as the Mathias House, is a historic home located near Weatherby, DeKalb County, Missouri. It was built about 1865, and is a two-story brick dwelling with an ell shaped plan. It has a gable roof and an addition was built in 1902. It is one of two examples of brick architecture in the county .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Lake Lodge, also known as the Brooks Lake Hotel and Diamond G Ranch, as well as the Two-Gwo-Tee Inn, is a recreational retreat in Fremont County, Wyoming near Dubois in the upper Wind River valley. The complex was built in 1922 to accommodate travelers coming to Yellowstone National Park on USA Route 287 from central Wyoming. The buildings are mainly of log construction with Craftsman style detailing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The centerpiece of the complex is the lodge building. In plan the lodge is a Roman cross with a main section about 97 ft by 34 ft with crossing wings and an end extension. The lodge appears to have two stories but is in fact single story construction. The gabled roof is supported by log trusses. The main room in the lodge&#39;s interior is the dining room with a stone fireplace at one end, back-to-back with a similar fireplace facing into the lounge. Guest and utility rooms flank these spaces.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on the site included guest cabins, a gas station, a barn, a stable and sheds. There were 15 guest cabins in 1922.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brooks Lake Hotel was built in 1922 as part of a program to provide accommodations for tourists arriving via the Lander-Yellowstone Transportation Company and was operated by the Amoretti Hotel and Camp Company. Eugene Amoretti was a businessman in Lander who was alleged to be the first European born in South Pass City in 1871. The Brooks Lake hotel was one of two operated by Amoretti on the road to Yellowstone; the other was at Moran. The hotel was built quickly, started in April 1922 and completed by July 1. The hotel charged $6 per person daily or $35 weekly, and it flourished for a couple of years, but by 1926 it was bypassed by buses. That year it was reorganized by investor Jim Gratiot as the Diamond G Ranch, which offered a dude ranch experience. This strategy worked through the years following World War II, but business again declined in the 1950s. For a while the Morton Salt Company used it as an employee recreation facility.</p><br>
<p>The property has been redeveloped and operates as a luxury resort. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Early on July 28, 2019, a fire damaged the lodge. The lodge itself was saved, but the roof and dining area were damaged.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Hardwick Village Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the downtown area of Hardwick, Vermont. The town developed in the 19th century first as a small industrial center, and later became one of the world&#39;s leading processors of granite. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Hardwick was first settled in 1781, but a town government was not established in 1794. The village now called Hardwick was established in 1795, when John Bridgman established a sawmill and gristmill on the Lamoille River. It was originally called South Hardwick, but as it rose in economic importance in the 19th century, it was renamed to just Hardwick. Granite was quarried from the hills surrounding the village beginning 1845, and by 1911 it was home to the largest granite-processing business in the world, the Woodbury Granite Company. It declined thereafter, with fire and flood taking their toll on Main Street in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The historic district&#39;s central area is a one-block stretch of South Main Street, between Wolcott and Main Streets. It extends north along Main Street and then east along Church and Maple Streets, as well as extending east along Mill Street from its junction with Main and South Main. Portions of the district are commercial in nature while some of the outer areas are more residential. The time period between 1820 and 1860 is well represented in the village architecture, with a number of fine Greek Revival buildings. The other major periods represented are the 1870s, when a number of Second Empire commercial buildings were erected, and the Late Victorian. Probably the most architecturally sophisticated building in the village is the 1896 Jeudevine Memorial Library.</p><br>
<p>The CM Ranch and Simpson Lake Cabins are separate components of a single historic district associated with Charles Cornell Moore, a Fremont County, Wyoming dude ranch operator. The CM ranch, named after Moore, operated as a dude ranch from 1920 to 1942 and resumed operating in 1945. The Simpson Lake Cabins were purchased by Moore in 1931 and were operated as a hunting camp, continuing until 1997 when the CM ranch was sold to new owners and the Simpson Lake property was taken over by the USA Forest Service. The sites are separated by 13 mi.</p><br>
<h2>CM Ranch</h2><br>
<p>The CM Ranch is located in the Wind River Mountains at the mouth of Jakeys Fork Canyon, surrounded by red sandstone mesas at an altitude of 7,000 ft. The canyon is named after Charles Moores father, J.K. Moore. The ranch was built starting in 1920 as a dude ranch, the oldest in Fremont County. Charles C. Moore was a Wyoming native who had studies in the East, obtaining a law degree at the University of Michigan, but also participating in Buffalo Bills Wild West Show. Although he practiced law in Cheyenne, he developed ventures such as a boys camping operation in the Yellowstone area. As these ventures prospered Moore moved into dude ranching, eventually becoming president of the Dude Ranchers Association. Moores ranch prospered even through the Great Depression, but closed for World War II. It reopened in 1945. Moore sold the ranch to Les and Alice Shoemaker in 1952, and died in 1971. The ranch was sold to siblings Jay Kemmerer, Connie Kemmerer and Betty Gray in 1997.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The CM Ranch is an extensive complex of log buildings, usually built on stone foundations. A complex of guest cabins surrounds the core of the ranch. The dining hall is the main building. Nearby is an office cabin, bunkhouses and an employee dormitory. Livestock are accommodated by a barn and corral. The recreation hall is a converted cabin with activity and quiet space. Larger cabins served as residences for long-term guests and the owners.</p><br>
<h2>Simpson Lake Cabins</h2><br>
<p>The Simpson Lake Cabins are located in the present-day Fitzpatrick Wilderness in Shoshone National Forest on Simpson Lake. Access is by horseback. Before its purchase it was known as the Three Waters Hunting and Fishing Camp, built in 1928 by Nobe Harrison, Earl Nichols and Les Wright for touring hunters. The venture did not prosper and in 1931 they sold the camp to Moore. The camp was operated as a branch of the CM Ranch until 1997, when the CM was sold to new owners and the camp reverted to Shoshone National Forest.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The camp complex includes three cabins, a meathouse, corrals and two outhouses. All structures are of log construction on stone foundation. All materials and furnishings were hauled by horse to Moon Lake, floated across and taken up to the site, again by horse.</p><br>
<h2>Designation</h2><br>
<p>The CM Ranch and Simpson Lake Cabins were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1992. The ranch continues in operation. The cabins have been the object of maintenance work by HistoriCorps and are not in use.</p><br>
<p>The Delfelder Schoolhouse, also known as Delfelder Hall, was built in 1920–21 on property formerly owned by Jacob Delfelder in Fremont County, Wyoming. The school was the third school building on the site, intended to serve the children of residents in the remote region of the county. The school operated until 1929, when transportation became available to allow students to attend school in Riverton. After its use as a school the building became a community center. In 1940 the Delfelder Hall Association was formed to purchase and operate the building, buying it for $575 and retiring the debt in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Delfelder Hall is a one-story stucco building covered by a shallow hipped roof with deep overhangs. It measures about 82 ft by 24.5 ft. The entrance is marked by a small cross gable. The interior is dominated by a large meeting space, entered through the vestibule. A kitchen occupies the south end. The original partitions between classrooms have been removed. Small additions have been appended to the east side.</p><br>
<p>Delfelder Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 29, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Castle on 19th Street or 19th Street Castle is a Mission Revival style house in Cheyenne, Wyoming. It was built in 1914 for local businessman Thomas Heaney, who operated the Atlas Theatre in Cheyenne. Heaney also operated the Tivoli Bar and Restaurant and became a Wyoming state senator representing Laramie County. Heaney&#39;s residence features a three-story corner tower with a broad overhanging tiled and hipped roof, with a stucco parapet surrounding the remainder of the roof, ornamented with projecting crests. A loggia with three arches fronts the house, ornamented with projecting squared beams. The driveway goes through the leftmost arch, flanked by a retaining wall, on its way to the rear of the house. The interior was converted for apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Castle was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Williston Village Historic District encompasses the village center of Williston, Vermont. The predominantly rural community is home to a well-preserved array of Federal and Greek Revival buildings, constructed mainly in the first half of the 19th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, with a minor enlargement in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Williston has had a long history as a primarily agrarian community, from its earliest settlement in the late 18th century. The town center arose at this location, in part as a stagecoach stop on the Williston Turnpike, opened in 1805 between Burlington and Montpelier. Now United States Route 2, it was the major route between these two cities until Interstate 89 was built in the 1960s. The town also benefited from nearby Allen Brook, whose waters powered sawmills and tanneries at the eastern end of the village. The town was generally prosperous in its agriculture, resulting in a fine collection of architecture built between about 1800 and 1860.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is visually anchored at its western end by a cluster of brick buildings, the 1832 Williston Congregational Church dominating. It extends eastward to where US 2 crosses Allen Brook, including a c. 1896 pedestrian bridge that is one of the oldest known concrete bridges in the state. Several of the houses in the district were built by members of the politically prominent Chittenden family; Thomas Chittenden was an important figure in Vermonts drive for statehood, and was its first governor. He was one of Willistons first settlers, and his son and grandson both lived here. Non-residential buildings in the district include four churches and two former taverns. None of the village&#39;s 19th-century industrial infrastructure survives, although archaeological remains may be present along Allen Brook.</p><br>
<p>Storey Gymnasium, also known as Cheyenne High School Gymnasium, was built in 1953 on the campus of Central High School in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States. The brick gymnasium was designed by Cheyenne architect Frederic Hutchinson Porter to include additional functions associated with the school&#39;s ROTC program, with an armory, rifle range and drill halls in addition to classrooms, shops and music spaces. The contractor was Loren Hancock, who built it at a cost of $646,611.66. It was named for William Storey, a member of the school Board of Trustees. When East High School was built in 1965 the facility was shared between East and Central.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick building measures about 240 ft by 180 ft. It features plain surfaces and uninterrupted horizontal lines without ornamentation beyond horizontal brick features in the upper portion. The center section houses a gymnasium illuminated by glass block windows set in a clerestory. It seated 4,500 for basketball when it first opened and is still in use for sporting events, circuses, graduation ceremonies, and other special events.</p><br>
<p>Storey Gymnasium was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 22, 2005.</p><br>
<p>In September 2016, the gymnasium seating was replaced with all black seats.</p><br>
<p>The Grand View Lodge is a resort on Gull Lake in Nisswa, Minnesota, United States. Established in 1916, it has grown to include seven restaurants, a spa, two golf courses, a conference center, and over 200 guest cabins. Two of the complexs buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and entertainment/recreation. They were nominated for displaying some of north-central Minnesotas most elaborate rustic log architecture, and for the older buildings status as one of the regions earliest resort lodges.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand View Lodge property was first homesteaded in 1896 by the Berghs, a family of Danish immigrants. They did not prosper, however, and sold away the land in 1908. By 1915 new owners had converted the Berghs&#39; old log cabin into a modest fishing lodge. The following year, Minneapolis-based real estate developer Marvin V. Baker purchased the property and began selling it off as individual lakeshore lots. He had prospective buyers stay in the existing lodge, a venue which proved so popular in its own right that he decided to build a full new guest facility.</p><br>
<p>What became the Main Lodge was constructed of red pines harvested on site. Since the as-yet-undammed Gull Lake fluctuated greatly in water level, the lodge was built well away from the lakeshore. It opened in June 1921, offering guest rooms, a restaurant, a lobby, and a large second-floor ballroom. In 1928 the second floor was converted into additional guest rooms and the event space was relocated to the newly finished basement. Baker also added a pair of guest cabins every year.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression struck, however, and greatly curtailed revenues. In 1937 Baker sold the business to Reynolds Frederick Brownlee "Brownie" Cote and his wife Judy, who owned two childrens camps on nearby Lake Hubert and were looking for a property that could provide lodging to their guests parents. The Cotes built the Grand View into a successful resort, even opening a sister property in Arizona to provide a winter home for themselves and their employees.</p><br>
<p>The property opened its first full-size golf course in 1960. Two years later the Cotes bought out the remaining cabin owners and other investors to consolidate the Grand View as part of their family business. In the 1970s it achieved national attention as a tennis resort. The Norway Conference Center was added in 1984, the Pines Golf Course in 1990, the Preserve Golf Course in 1996, the Glacial Waters Spa in 2002, and the Gull Lake Center in 2009. The Grand View Lodge hosted the Minnesota Governor&#39;s Fishing Opener in 1976 and 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Main Lodge</h2><br>
<p>The Main Lodge building stands on a slight hill 400 ft from the lakeshore. It is a rectangular, three-story building with more recent additions built onto the west side. Main entrances are centered on the north and south façades under large gables. The walls are constructed mostly of horizontal logs, with some areas of vertical logs, and lap siding on much of the third floor. The wood is painted brown with white trim around windows and doors and on the end of projecting beams. Log balconies project from the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The Elkins Tavern is a historic house on Bayley-Hazen Road in Peacham, Vermont. Built in 1787 by one of Peacham&#39;s first settlers, it has one of the best-preserved 18th-century interiors in the state of Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Elkins Tavern, now a private residence, is located south of Peachams main village, on the east side of Bayley-Hazen Road, a side loop off South Main Street that was once the principal route through the area. The road was built during the American Revolutionary War, and retains much of its original character. The house stands on the east side, on a rise with views to the east and south. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof, central chimney, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The main facade faces west toward the road, and is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by simple pilasters and topped by a transom window, entablature, and gabled pediment. A similar doorway is found on the north facade. The interior retains the original Georgian central chimney plan, with an entry vestibule with winding staircase, and flanking parlor spaces. These rooms, as well as the matching chambers on the second floor, retain many original features, including fireplaces and fireplace surrounds and wainscoting on the walls. The rear spaces have undergone some modernization. A 19th-century barn stands across the street from the house, supposedly on the site of Jonathan Elkins first residence, a log cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Bayley-Hazen Road was the first road built through northern Vermont, as part of American military plans for the taking of the British Province of Quebec in the American Revolutionary War. These plans were never realized, but the road (which was built to Hazen&#39;s Notch in Westfield) opened the area to settlement. Jonathan Elkins, a native of Haverhill, New Hampshire, arrived in what is now Peacham, and built a log cabin in 1775. The road was built later in the 1770s, passing by his cabin. He built this house in 1787, which also served as a tavern for passing travelers. The old road was eventually bypassed by the present alignment of South Main Street to the west.</p><br>
<p>Cool Hollow House is an early and intact nineteenth century Greek Revival/ Federal transitional style home located in Washington County, Maryland on the National Road. The main house c.1823, and its earlier dependencies sit on land that was part of several colonial land patents. These patents were "Macklefishs Ridge" c.1738, "Chaneys Delight" c.1738, "Strife" c.1740, "Cadiz" c.1759 after the city in Spain. "Stulls Forest" c.1761, and "Chaneys Chance" c.1762. The majority of the land patents were owned by the prominent Chaney family and abut the Antietam Creek. Proof of the importance of this location along the National Road is provided by the fact that the early patents of "Macklefishs Ridge" and "Chaneys Delight" are only predated by 16 of the more than 2250 other patents in this area of the state. The farm was purchased in 1809 by Benjamin Emmert, and after a resurvey in 1821 the patent was named "Emmerts Home". The land and home belonged to Benjamin Emmerts heirs for more than a century, until 1910 when the property left the family. The property was listed on the Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties  in 1978 and added to the National Register of Historic Places December 17, 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Cool Hollow House is a fine example of an early 19th-century Greek Revival/Federal Country home. Built in the first quarter of the 19th century, the entire structure is built using handmade bricks; the walls measure 16 inches thick.</p><br>
<p>According to the Maryland Historical Trust&#39;s inventory form,</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>At the dawn of the United States Civil War in 1861, the assembled property was named Cool Hollow, and was over five hundred acres. It was owned by David and Magdalene Schindel. Mr. Schindel was a prominent businessmen in and around Hagerstown, Maryland. Mrs. Schindel, the daughter of the builder, Benjamin Emmertt, was also the granddaughter of Revolutionary War hero Captain Yost Harbough.</p><br>
<p>Twice the home saw the ravages of war, first during the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, and second during the Second Battle of Funkstown in July, 1863. During the Retreat from Gettysburg, the Union Army under the direction of Major General George Meade, used "Cool Hollow" as a campsite due to its expansive water frontage on the Antietam Creek, location of a ford, and prominent situation on the National Road. On the late afternoon of July 9, 1863, battle was joined on the Schindel farm "Cool Hollow"/"Emmert&#39;s Home". General Buford dispatched Devin and his Cavalry from Beaver Creek on the National Road to intercept and push back the Confederate forces.</p><br>
<p>"Late on the afternoon of July 9, orders came for the Northern horsemen to mount up. Around 4:00 p.m., Buford ordered Devin to reconnoiter the Confederate positions west of the Beaver Creek bridge between the towns of Boonsboro and Funkstown. While scouting, Devin encountered a detachment of cavalry and artillery left by Stuart on high ground near his main line. About 5:30, Devin deployed a line of mounted skirmishers to sweep the left flank of the Confederates as far as a bend in Antietam Creek. Lt. Albert O. Vincent&#39;s combined batteries B and L, 2nd USA Artillery, supported the horse soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Devin dismounted two squadrons and, connecting with elements of Gambles brigade on the left, advanced against the enemy line. Fergusons Brigade held a prominent ridge overlooking the "Boonsboro Road, and a battery of horse artillery under Capt. Thomas E. Jackson supported him. Grumble Jones rode up with his brigade on the right of Jacksons guns, while Chambliss Brigade pulled up on the left. Three full brigades of Stuart&#39;s horse soldiers now held a strong position on the high ground overlooking Antietam Creek.</p><br>
<p>One company of the 17th Virginia Cavalry deployed as skirmishers. As their Yankee opposites advanced, both sides dashed for a rail fence about 300 hundred yards in front of each side&#39;s main line. The Virginians won the foot race and unleashed a potent volley in the faces of the Federals, who tried to use the protection of waist-high corn to cover their advance. The Southerners swept each row with their rifle fire, inflicting severe casualties.19</p><br>
<p>While the skirmishers dueled, Vincents Union artillery picked out targets and opened on Fergusons and Chambliss positions. "The air above our heads seemed to be full of splinters, bark, and bullets but we were thus far safe and unhurt as the enemies bullets mostly struck the top of the fence or went over our heads," recalled a member of the 17th Virginia. Their position grew untenable when Chambliss troopers gave way under Vincents artillery fire, their withdrawal exposing Fergusons left flank. When Chambliss line crumbled, Devins troopers advanced quickly against it.20</p><br>
<p>After a short and sharp fight, Devins skirmishers took the crest while the left squadron ran into a large camp of Stuarts cavalry and quickly dispersed it. "The federal cavalry had advanced on the road so far as to nearly cut us off and I distinctly heard loud commands to halt, but in the confusion supposed it was our officers getting their men into line but it was not, it was the enemy, who had nearly overtaken us," "wrote Virginia trooper James Hodam, who had advanced with his company and carried off a wounded comrade, all while suffering from a wound of his own. As his comrades fell back in the face of the powerful Union attacks, Hodam stumbled. Covered with his own blood, and feeling weak and sick, he leaned against a fence along the road in an effort to catch his breath.21</p><br>
<p>Pressing their advantage, Devins and Gambles brigades drove the Confederates.22 " drove them about 2 miles like fun," one of Gambles troopers later recounted.23 One member of the 8th New York succinctly described the action. "Out again. Found the rebels about 5 p.m. and made them get, up and get."24 "Sometimes they run us and some times we run them until they brought up their infantry and we had to leave," recalled a member of the 1st Virginia Cavalry.25 Stuart called upon Chews Battery of horse artillery to help"fend off the enemy attack. With darkness settling on the field, Chew&#39;s guns were only able to fire a couple rounds before it was too difficult to find suitable targets.26</p><br>
<p>Devins men bivouacked on the field. It had been another good day for "Bufords Hard Hitter," as Devin was known to men in Bufords division.27 "The enemy contested the ground with their usual earnestness," noted one of Gambles Hoosiers, "but were forced back beyond Beaver Creek. The battle continued until late in evening and we stayed in line of battle."28 Pleasonton proposed that Devin be promoted to brigadier general and assume the position left vacant by Elon Farnsworth&#39;s death at Gettysburg.29</p><br>
<p>A different commander, however, assumed the mantle of leading Farnsworths former brigade. When Farnsworth fell on July 3, the brigades senior colonel, Nathaniel P. Richmond "of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, stepped up and assumed command. On July 9, Col. Othneil de Forest, a 37-year-old Yale-educated broker from New York City, reported for duty. The colonel of the 5th New York Cavalry, de Forest had led the brigade prior to Farnsworths elevation to general. Now, de Forest was returning as that outfits senior colonel. His assumption of brigade command on July 10 returned Richmond to regimental command.30"</p><br>
<h2>Dependencies and property</h2><br>
<p>The ruin of an eighteenth century stone mill, possibly a fulling and dyeing mill once operated by Henry Funk, still stands on the west bank of the Antietam Creek. The ruins of a forge stands directly across the creek on the east bank. Along with other early stone buildings, the German vernacular stone bank barn retains a carving in the rafters with a date of 1793.</p><br>
<p>An early stone and brick well sits in the front yard, and leads to a registered cave known as the Cool Hollow Well and was surveyed by the United States Geological Survey:</p><br>
<p>Immediately adjacent to the drive is the Cool Hollow Culvert, c.1820. The stone arch bridge is one of the original stone bridges built during the construction of the first federally funded highway, the National Road, started in 1811.</p><br>
<p>Cool Hollow School House c.1850</p><br>
<p>An early schoolhouse stood at the northeast corner of the farm along present day Cool Hollow Road. The land and funds were donated by the Schindel Family before the Civil War. The Schoolhouse once sheltered the trusted lieutenant of the famous John Brown According to Williams "A History of Washington County, Maryland", "Located on the Schindel Farm, is a schoolhouse famous not only for the good schools that have been taught there by many of the best teachers in Washington County, but for having once sheltered a teacher named Eshleman, who was one of John Brown&#39;s trusted lieutenants."</p><br>
<p>The restoration of the house was featured in an article in the Hagerstown Herald Mail.</p><br>
<p>The Trout Lake Tourist Club in Trout Lake, Washington, in Klickitat County was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It has also been known as Amusement Hall, Trout Lake Hall, Thode&#39;s Hall, and Historic Trout Lake Country Inn.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story 98 ft by 52 ft building with a false front.</p><br>
<p>The building included a post office which closed in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Goldendale Free Public Library in Goldendale, Washington is a historic Carnegie library which is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The library was a project of the Womens Association, a Federated Womens Clubs chapter.</p><br>
<p>It is a 50 ft by 80 ft brick building in a residential area near downtown. The gables of its roof have circular openings for attic ventilation and parapets above.</p><br>
<p>It is one of many Carnegie libraries that are listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Free Public Library is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. The library was located in a section of the Municipal Building, no longer extant, between 1892 and 1913. It had outgrown the space when the Library Board contacted Andrew Carnegie in 1910 about providing the funding for a new library building. Their request was initially turned down. They chose to work with New York City architect Edward L. Tilton, an architect preferred by Carnegie, in place of local architect William L. Steele who was working with the board previously. Local resident George Murphy donated the property for the new building. Meanwhile, Tilton designed the two-story brick Renaissance Revival building. On April 8, 1911, Carnegie approved the project and donated $75,000 for the buildings construction. The new building was dedicated on March 6, 1913, and it is considered "an excellent early twentieth century example of the architectural development of library planning and design." It was Tiltons only building in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Plans were made to enlarge the building in 1938, but the bond issue failed. The library remained in its cramped quarters until 1989 when it moved into a former bank building downtown. Ownership of the Carnegie building was transferred to a group of investors in 1996 who transformed it into apartments. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Sioux City Public Library  is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. Local architect William L. Steele designed the Prairie School-style building, which was completed in 1927. This was long after the style was no longer fashionable in its native Chicago, but it shows its staying power in other areas of the Midwest. The building is identical to the former Fairmount Branch, which was built the same year. The Smith Villa Branch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The building now houses a Head Start program.</p><br>
